Applications:

• Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): Relieves abdominal pain, bloating, and cramps.

• Functional GI Disorders: Manages spasms in conditions like diverticulitis.

Side Effects:

• Common: Mild dizziness, headache, nausea.

• Rare:

  • Allergic reactions (rash, itching).

  • Constipation or diarrhea.

Applications:

• Abdominal Pain: Relieves cramps in IBS, gastritis, or menstrual discomfort.

• Biliary Colic: Eases spasms in gallbladder/bile duct disorders.

• Urinary Tract Spasms: Treats discomfort from kidney stones or UTIs.

• Gynecological Use: Reduces labor pains (off-label) and dysmenorrhea.

Side Effects:

• Common: Dizziness, nausea, mild headache.

• Rare:

  • Allergic reactions (rash, itching).

  • Low blood pressure (with high doses).

  • Rapid heartbeat (tachycardia).

Applications:

• Pre-Anesthesia: Reduces saliva and respiratory secretions before surgery.

• Bradycardia: Emergency treatment for abnormally slow heart rate.

• Poison Antidote: Countacts organophosphate or nerve agent poisoning.

• Ophthalmic Use: Dilates pupils for eye exams or inflammation treatment.

• GI Disorders: Relieves spasms in irritable bowel (rarely used today).

Side Effects:

• Common: Dry mouth, blurred vision, rapid heartbeat, dizziness.

• Serious:

  • Hallucinations/confusion (high doses)

  • Urinary retention

  • Glaucoma attacks (with eye drops)

  • Dangerous tachycardia (overdose)

Note:

• IV/IM use only in emergencies (hospital/EMS).

• Reverses life-threatening cholinergic toxicity (e.g., pesticide poisoning).